Last data update: May 06, 2024. (Total: 46732 publications since 2009)
Records 1-8 (of 8 Records) |
Query Trace: McElhinney P[original query] |
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Further evidence of inadequate quality in lateral flow devices commercially offered for the diagnosis of rabies
Klein A , Fahrion A , Finke S , Eyngor M , Novak S , Yakobson B , Ngoepe E , Phahladira B , Sabeta C , De Benedictis P , Gourlaouen M , Orciari LA , Yager PA , Gigante CM , Knowles MK , Fehlner-Gardiner C , Servat A , Cliquet F , Marston D , McElhinney LM , Johnson T , Fooks AR , Muller T , Freuling CM . Trop Med Infect Dis 2020 5 (1) As a neglected zoonotic disease, rabies causes approximately 5.9 x 10(4) human deaths annually, primarily affecting low- and middle-income countries in Asia and Africa. In those regions, insufficient surveillance is hampering adequate medical intervention and is driving the vicious cycle of neglect. Where resources to provide laboratory disease confirmation are limited, there is a need for user-friendly and low-cost reliable diagnostic tools that do not rely on specialized laboratory facilities. Lateral flow devices (LFD) offer an alternative to conventional diagnostic methods and may strengthen control efforts in low-resource settings. Five different commercially available LFDs were compared in a multi-centered study with respect to their diagnostic sensitivity and their agreement with standard rabies diagnostic techniques. Our evaluation was conducted by several international reference laboratories using a broad panel of samples. The overall sensitivities ranged from 0% up to 62%, depending on the LFD manufacturer, with substantial variation between the different laboratories. Samples with high antigen content and high relative viral load tended to test positive more often in the Anigen/Bionote test, the latter being the one with the best performance. Still, the overall unsatisfactory findings corroborate a previous study and indicate a persistent lack of appropriate test validation and quality control. At present, the tested kits are not suitable for in-field use for rabies diagnosis, especially not for suspect animals where human contact has been identified, as an incorrect negative diagnosis may result in human casualties. This study points out the discrepancy between the enormous need for such a diagnostic tool on the one hand, and on the other hand, a number of already existing tests that are not yet ready for use. |
Shielding material comparison for electromagnetic interference mitigation for the air pump motor of personal dust monitors
Li J , Carr J , DeGennaro C , Whisner B , McElhinney P . Min Metall Explor 2019 37 (1) 211-217 Since 2016, electromagnetic interference (EMI) of personal dust monitors (PDMs) with magnetic proximity detection systems (PDSs) has been observed in underground coal mines. The EMI causes the magnetic field measurements of a PDS to change, which, in turn, alters the calculated location of the miner relative to the machine. Any altered location calculation can potentially cause the PDS to fail to warn a worker who is at an unsafe distance from the machine, arousing a serious concern on safety hazard caused by EMI in underground mines. The search for EMI mitigation strategies led to the development and use of large shielding pouches and boxes to hold the entire PDM to reduce its magnetic emission. Research on these pouches and boxes found that although they were able to reduce the emitted radiation from the PDM, they also disturbed the magnetic field of the PDS, affecting its performance. Researchers from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) have focused on shielding internal PDM components rather than shielding the entire PDM. The PDM air pump motor is one of the PDM components that has been identified as a major source of electromagnetic radiation and has been selected for further study and tests. The measurements show that a small copper or aluminum foil enclosure can effectively reduce the magnetic emission of the motor by between 50 and 85% at 73 kHz. This study compares the test results of the air pump motor with various cost-effective shielding materials. The data provided in this paper can serve as a reference for shielding enclosure design of the PDM air pump motor to reduce its electromagnetic emission as one form of EMI mitigation strategy. |
Prevalence of inherited blood disorders and associations with malaria and anemia in Malawian children.
McGann PT , Williams AM , Ellis G , McElhinney KE , Romano L , Woodall J , Howard TA , Tegha G , Krysiak R , Lark RM , Ander EL , Mapango C , Ataga KI , Gopal S , Key NS , Ware RE , Suchdev PS . Blood Adv 2018 2 (21) 3035-3044 In sub-Saharan Africa, inherited causes of anemia are common, but data are limited regarding the geographical prevalence and coinheritance of these conditions and their overall contributions to childhood anemia. To address these questions in Malawi, we performed a secondary analysis of the 2015-2016 Malawi Micronutrient Survey, a nationally and regionally representative survey that estimated the prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies and evaluated both inherited and noninherited determinants of anemia. Children age 6 to 59 months were sampled from 105 clusters within the 2015-2016 Malawi Demographic Health Survey. Hemoglobin, ferritin, retinol binding protein, malaria, and inflammatory biomarkers were measured from venous blood. Molecular studies were performed using dried blood spots to determine the presence of sickle cell disease or trait, alpha-thalassemia trait, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency. Of 1279 eligible children, 1071 were included in the final analysis. Anemia, iron deficiency, and malaria were common, affecting 30.9%, 21.5%, and 27.8% of the participating children, respectively. alpha-Thalassemia trait was common (>40% of children demonstrating deletion of 1 [33.1%] or 2 [10.0%] alpha-globin genes) and associated with higher prevalence of anemia (P < .001). Approximately 20% of males had G6PD deficiency, which was associated with a 1.0 g/dL protection in hemoglobin decline during malaria infection (P = .02). These data document that inherited blood disorders are common and likely play an important role in the prevalence of anemia and malaria in Malawian children. |
Assessing the impact of public education on a preventable zoonotic disease: rabies
Hasanov E , Zeynalova S , Geleishvili M , Maes E , Tongren E , Marshall E , Banyard A , McElhinney LM , Whatmore AM , Fooks AR , Horton DL . Epidemiol Infect 2018 146 (2) 227-235 Effective methods to increase awareness of preventable infectious diseases are key components of successful control programmes. Rabies is an example of a disease with significant impact, where public awareness is variable. A recent awareness campaign in a rabies endemic region of Azerbaijan provided a unique opportunity to assess the efficacy of such campaigns. A cluster cross-sectional survey concerning rabies was undertaken following the awareness campaign in 600 households in 38 randomly selected towns, in districts covered by the campaign and matched control regions. This survey demonstrated that the relatively simple awareness campaign was effective at improving knowledge of rabies symptoms and vaccination schedules. Crucially, those in the awareness campaign group were also 1.4 times more likely to report that they had vaccinated their pets, an essential component of human rabies prevention. In addition, low knowledge of appropriate post-exposure treatment and animal sources of rabies provide information useful for future public awareness campaigns in the region and other similar areas. |
Complete genome sequence of Ikoma lyssavirus.
Marston DA , Ellis RJ , Horton DL , Kuzmin IV , Wise EL , McElhinney LM , Banyard AC , Ngeleja C , Keyyu J , Cleaveland S , Lembo T , Rupprecht CE , Fooks AR . J Virol 2012 86 (18) 10242-3 Lyssaviruses (family Rhabdoviridae) constitute one of the most important groups of viral zoonoses globally. All lyssaviruses cause the disease rabies, an acute progressive encephalitis for which, once symptoms occur, there is no effective cure. Currently available vaccines are highly protective against the predominantly circulating lyssavirus species. Using next-generation sequencing technologies, we have obtained the whole-genome sequence for a novel lyssavirus, Ikoma lyssavirus (IKOV), isolated from an African civet in Tanzania displaying clinical signs of rabies. Genetically, this virus is the most divergent within the genus Lyssavirus. Characterization of the genome will help to improve our understanding of lyssavirus diversity and enable investigation into vaccine-induced immunity and protection. |
Report on the international workshop on alternative methods for human and veterinary rabies vaccine testing: state of the science and planning the way forward
Stokes W , McFarland R , Kulpa-Eddy J , Gatewood D , Levis R , Halder M , Pulle G , Kojima H , Casey W , Gaydamaka A , Miller T , Brown K , Lewis C , Chapsal JM , Bruckner L , Gairola S , Kamphuis E , Rupprecht CE , Wunderli P , McElhinney L , De Mattia F , Gamoh K , Hill R , Reed D , Doelling V , Johnson N , Allen D , Rinckel L , Jones B . Biologicals 2012 40 (5) 369-81 Potency testing of most human and veterinary rabies vaccines requires vaccination of mice followed by a challenge test using an intracerebral injection of live rabies virus. NICEATM, ICCVAM, and their international partners organized a workshop to review the availability and validation status of alternative methods that might reduce, refine, or replace the use of animals for rabies vaccine potency testing, and to identify research and development efforts to further advance alternative methods. Workshop participants agreed that general anesthesia should be used for intracerebral virus injections and that humane endpoints should be used routinely as the basis for euthanizing animals when conducting the mouse rabies challenge test. Workshop participants recommended as a near-term priority replacement of the mouse challenge with a test validated to ensure potency, such as the mouse antibody serum neutralization test for adjuvanted veterinary rabies vaccines for which an international collaborative study was recently completed. The workshop recommended that an in vitro antigen quantification test should be a high priority for product-specific validation of human and non-adjuvanted veterinary rabies vaccines. Finally, workshop participants recommended greater international cooperation to expedite development, validation, regulatory acceptance, and implementation of alternative test methods for rabies vaccine potency testing. |
Ikoma lyssavirus, highly divergent novel lyssavirus in an African civet
Marston DA , Horton DL , Ngeleja C , Hampson K , McElhinney LM , Banyard AC , Haydon D , Cleaveland S , Rupprecht CE , Bigambo M , Fooks AR , Lembo T . Emerg Infect Dis 2012 18 (4) 664-667 Evidence in support of a novel lyssavirus was obtained from brain samples of an African civet in Tanzania. Results of phylogenetic analysis of nucleoprotein gene sequences from representative Lyssavirus species and this novel lyssavirus provided strong empirical evidence that this is a new lyssavirus species, designated Ikoma lyssavirus. |
Quantifying antigenic relationships among the Lyssaviruses
Horton DL , McElhinney LM , Marston DA , Wood JL , Russell CA , Lewis N , Kuzmin IV , Fouchier RA , Osterhaus AD , Fooks AR , Smith DJ . J Virol 2010 84 (22) 11841-8 All lyssaviruses cause fatal encephalitis in mammals. There is sufficient antigenic variation within the genus to cause variable vaccine efficacy but this variation is difficult to characterize quantitatively: sequence analysis cannot yet provide detailed antigenic information, and antigenic neutralization data have been refractory to high-resolution robust interpretation. Here, we address these issues by using state-of-the-art antigenic analyses to generate a high-resolution antigenic map of a global panel of 25 lyssaviruses. We compared the calculated antigenic distances with viral glycoprotein ectodomain sequence data. Although 67% of antigenic variation was predictable from glycoprotein amino acid sequence, there are in some cases substantial differences between genetic and antigenic distances thus highlighting the risk of inferring antigenic relationships solely from sequence data at this time. These differences included epidemiologically important antigenic differences between vaccine strains and wild-type rabies viruses. Further, we quantitatively assessed the antigenic relationships measured by rabbit, mouse, and human sera, validating the use of non-human experimental animals as a model for determining antigenic variation in humans. Passive immune globulin use is a crucial component of rabies post-exposure prophylaxis, and here we also show that it is possible to predict the reactivity of immune globulin against divergent lyssaviruses. |
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